Viruses Essays (362 words) - Virology, Biology, Microbiology, Virus

Infections Infections share a few attributes with cells; anyway do not have the characteristics of living beings. Infections are basic organized creatures; they just have four structures that make them. They aren't viewed as living beings because of a few reasons, for example, multiplication and vitality fueled. They are frequently mixed up to be cells, anyway they are littler and recreate within cells. Infections are a lot littler than microorganisms and are skilled to contaminate a wide range of living beings. Infections have four structures; the lipid envelope, capsid, hereditary material, and the protein coat. The Lipid envelope is gotten from the host cell film and assume jobs in viral disease and infection connection to cells. The following part of the structure is the capsid; it is produced using proteins, and is encoded by the viral genome which incases the nucleic corrosive of the infection. The third structure of an infection is the hereditary material which is made of DNA or RNA, never both; it conveys the hereditary data which decides the sythesis of the living being. The last structure of an infection is the protein coat which appends the infection to a cell. Infections aren't fit for imitating outside of a cell in this way they don't meet the rules of life and aren't to be viewed as living. Infections are little irresistible specialists that are just ready to imitate inside the living cells. They don't have their own natural hardware to reproduce and doesn't duplicate through cell division. They likewise don't contain a digestion subsequently don't run on vitality like living creatures. They simply skim around until they locate a solid cell to append to and contaminate. They additionally can't control its temperature itself. In spite of the fact that infections have an essential structure they are equipped for contaminating a wide range of living beings and can cause genuine harm. There is an obscured line among living and non-living in spite of the fact that there are numerous acceptable quality components which make it non-living. Without a host infections wouldn't have the option to copy and taint creatures. Infections are constantly confused with cells however never for microorganisms, since they are a lot littler and require a living host to endure not at all like microscopic organisms.

Business Law Commercial and Corporations

Question: Talk about the contextual analysis Business Law for Commercial and Corporations. Answer: Presentation: Issue emerges since Jane had made a guarantee to supply her vehicle to Jack liberated from cost. The market cost of this vehicle here for this situation, Lotus Super 7 Sports vehicle was $25,000. In any case, to frame an understanding, two essential components are required for example a legitimate offer/guarantee made by offeror/promisor and a substantial acknowledgment/affirmation made by offeree/promisee. These two essential components are adequate to sanction a legitimate understanding. In any case, according to the arrangement of agreement law, any understanding can be named as enforceable understanding, when there is a nearness of substantial thought. This component is basic since this can impact the gathering to finish the guarantee according to the thought sum (Latimer, 2005). Thought can likewise be communicated in named of a trade of something. It tends to be any item, cash or another guarantee. This component is unmistakable as far as lawful power. On the off chance that thought is absent in a specific case, at that point the gatherings can't guarantee in court on the grounds that no lawful enforceable understanding can be sanctioned without substantial thought between the gatherings. This kind of guarantee is named as unwarranted guarantee. Unnecessary guarantees can't be held lawfully legitimate in light of the fact that it is having absence of thought (Harvey, 2009). For this situation these are a few realities which can choose whether the understanding is enforceable for promisee Jack. Jane, the promisor was traveling to another country subsequently, offered her Lotus vehicle to Jack. She didn't get any thought from Jack as for vehicle. Jack, the promisee affirmed to take the vehicle from Jane with no different terms and conditions. Accordingly, Jane and Jack both the gatherings had not talked about nay thought sum, while both the gatherings understood that the Lotus vehicle was having a sizable incentive in the market, still they didn't make reference to a specific incentive for the vehicle. Thus, no thought is available in this circumstance and the idea of the guarantee become needless guarantee and subsequently, no enforceable understanding for Jack. The basic issue emerges for this situation, when the offeror Jane had vowed to offer her Lotus vehicle to Jack in the cost of $ 25,000. The market cost of same kind of vehicle like Lotus vehicle was $25,000. When as the law any understanding is enforceable, at that point it called substantial understanding (enforceable). There are sure necessities that must be met so as to frame a legitimate agreement (Gibson Fraser, 2014). Nearness of substantial understanding, which incorporates a legal offer and legal acknowledgment Goal of both the gatherings to tie into the authoritative connection Thought, likewise named as advantages that must be given from both the gathering in trade of every others guarantee Thought sum must be lawful according to the agreement law, any unlawful item or sum which can be utilized for unscrupulous or crime, can't be considered as lawful thought As indicated by the decision of Re McArdle(1951) Ch 669, past thought can't be at risk to sanction any current agreement Agreement law, hosts gave the opportunity to the gatherings to expand the thought with the sound psyche and ability Lawful limit of the gatherings to establish into the understanding Concurrences to the understanding must be determined and certified The article or guarantee must be under in opposition to law Jane had just referenced the thought measure of $25,000 to Jack in the trading of her Lotus vehicle. Jack acknowledged the offer and consented to pay $ 25,000 in the trading of Lotus vehicle. This shows both the gatherings were associated with the understanding readily. Thus, the present of legitimate offer, acknowledgment and substantial thought esteem settled on the understanding enforceable. This case fulfilled the essential necessities according to the custom-based law. In this way, Jack has an enforceable understanding. Jane had made a guarantee to give her Lotus vehicle to Jack in the cost of $ 2,500. Jack had acknowledged this proposal from Jane and prepared to buy the Lotus vehicle in $ 2,500. Be that as it may, the vehicle cost was around $ 25,000 in the market. In such circumstances, when the gatherings have chosen an alternate thought an incentive from the progressing market esteem then the sufficiency of thought rule should be remembered. This expresses the nearness of thought sum is basic, independent of its ampleness or equity with the real sum (Taylor, 2015). In the current case, when Jane had offered a lot of lower thought sum than the genuine measure of the vehicle, at that point the standard of ampleness of thought is appropriate according to the agreement law. This guideline tells that the nearness of the substantial thought is sufficient to order an enforceable understanding for offer, other than the ampleness of the thought. This law additionally gives the explanation that the thought must have a genuine worth or a word in return of the guarantee (Lindgren, 2011). It tends to be seen that even a solitary dollar can be functioned as a legitimate thought for a huge house which has a market worth of millions. Larger part of the cases the ampleness of the thought isn't required. In any case, the sufficiency of the thought esteem is become basic component, when there is a nearness of the unconscionable lead between the gatherings, on the grounds that both offeror and offeree treated to be equivalent (Pathinayake, 2014). In this way, as per the guideline of sufficiency of the thought, an enforceable understanding is authoritative on Jane as the thought measure of $ 2,500 was chosen by her just for the vehicle. Issue The essential point in the given case is to opine on the odds of achievement of the purchaser concerning recuperating the $ 3million installment made to the shipbuilder which was acquired affected by danger. Law Agreement execution requires a plenty of conditions to be satisfied. The most basic condition in such manner is the nearness of acknowledgment which is willful in nature. A deliberate acknowledgment is one where all the gatherings that are a piece of the agreement give their assent with through and through freedom to be bound in a legally binding connection. Any agreement or understanding wherein assent is constrained would not stand the trial of law and might be pronounced void because of at least one gatherings trying to pull a fast one (Harvey, 2009). Now and again, post execution of agreement, certain progressions might be required to be carried yet it ought to be finished with the assent of the considerable number of gatherings that ordered the genuine agreement set up. Ordinarily, for a gathering to concur for a change there must be some motivator as steady thought. On the off chance that, the agreement corrections are negative to the enthusiasm of a specific gathering at that point assent would not be given except if some remuneration is given. In such cases, alterations can't be passed through one-sided moves or assent of one of the gatherings (Pendleton Vickery, 2005). A circumstance where danger is utilized for guaranteeing agree to a specific condition is alluded to as coercion. Agreement executed through pressure are automatic understandings and in this manner the wronged party can announce such authoritative connections as void (Taylor, 2015). This likewise stretches out after the releasing of authoritative commitments and such cases are normal where in wake of misfortune caused to the distressed party by conforming to an inappropriate requests, harms might be guaranteed through legitimate methods. In such cases, the basic angle that the offended party needs to build up is that the interest by respondent was outlandish and just consented to because of danger propagated by the litigant (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2015). In the official courtroom, at first just physical coercion was considered which normally includes the utilization of savagery or physical power as a component of sustaining danger. Be that as it may, in the ongoing occasions, the extension has been extended and furthermore incorporates situations where the better monetary position is maltreatment than sustain danger for making legally binding connections. So as to demonstrate that the offended party has to be sure been dependent upon monetary pressure, the accompanying focuses should be set up (Lindgren, 2011). Conduct by the respondent incited by dishonesty to use the prevalent position and consequently presenting danger for offended party. Because of danger, the decisions accessible with the offended party become tight and there is one balanced decision which is to agree to the condition required by the litigant. This constrained consent to go along viably ties the two gatherings into legally binding relationship. From the abovementioned, the components to identify the nearness of monetary pressure and the rights accessible to the offended party are set up. In any case, another critical perspective in such manner is timing when the offended party really moves toward the court for help. In such manner, it is essential that the offended party should profit lawful assistance for recouping harms inside the sensible time. The term sensible time doesn't have a target definition and basically originates from the fundamental conditions and is to be chosen by the official courtroom (Gibson Fraser, 2014). The choice of the North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron)[1979] QB 705 case stands declaration to the above viewpoint. In the given case, there was abundant proof concerning the presence of financial coercion and the assent of the offended party being taken through the use of danger. In any case, regardless of that, the offended party was not fruitful in recuperating the abundance installments made under danger from the litigant. This is on the grounds that the offended party moved toward the court simply following eight months had passed since the release of legally binding commitments and this the court administered doesn't fall inside the ambit of sensible time. The abundance delay added up to agreement acknowledgment being given by the offended party consequently offering option to hold the agreement void (Harvey, 2009). Application North Ocean Tankers executes an agreement with a shipbuilder for big hauler development. Be that as it may, during the development per

How to Boost Your Intelligence with Intelligence Games

How to Boost Your Intelligence with Intelligence Games Intelligence, they say, is something that all humans are born with. However, there are very persuasive arguments against the claim that all humans are born equal in terms of intelligence. If that were the case, then we’d likely see everyone sharing the same IQ, or intelligence quotient, level.There are several elements or factors identified that explain the differences in people’s intelligence levels. Some point out genetics, where the offspring of two individuals with superior or above average intelligence is most likely to have the same, or even more superior, level of intelligence than that of his parents. There are schools of thought that say it is also influenced by the type of learning and development that we go through. Perhaps one of the most persuasive arguments that back up the claim about people having varying levels of intelligence has something to do with intelligence being shaped greatly by genetics and the environment. This is the concept of “nature and nurture”.NURTURING INTELLIGENCEBy definition, intelligence refers to one’s capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and other similar forms of mental activity. It describes your ability to learn, understand, and process information, and even how you deal with new and even unfamiliar situations.Some might say that intelligence also pertains on how you acquire knowledge but, in essence, how you apply that knowledge you have acquired is actually the part that fits the definition of intelligence.Ask psychologists what intelligence is, and they’d probably launch into a long and seemingly complex discussion about your general cognitive problem-solving skills, followed by an even lengthier discussion on the several types or component s of human intelligence. But that topic is for another day. For now, our focus is on intelligence as a human cognitive potential, and how it can be boosted or maximized.We mentioned about intelligence being based on both nature AND nurture. The “nature” aspect holds that intelligence has a hereditary angle to it. Yes, it is inherited, and it is present in the natural genetic make-up of our bodies from the time we were conceived. However, the moment we are born, we start to interact with the outside world, and the numerous external factors on it. This is where the “nurture” part comes in.Nurture takes into account how environmental influences â€" whether biological or socio-cultural â€" can shape and mold intelligence. Our intelligence levels are affected by our exposure to other people, to various circumstances, access to and availability of various resources and opportunities, and every single effort we consciously put into harnessing our intelligence.What does this mean? B asically it is telling us that, even if you were born way “behind” other people in terms of your inherent intelligence, you can definitely “catch up” and probably even surpass them through nurturing your intelligence. We may not have been born equally intelligent, but we can do something to actually make it so.Now, how can we “nurture” intelligence? You can probably come up with a long list of the things that you can do in order to maximize your cognitive potential and boost your intelligence. Go to school. Challenge yourself with new learning experiences. Constantly seeking knowledge.But did you know that playing games has also been touted as one of the ways that can help boost your intelligence?Yes, you read that right. Playing games can help you become more intelligent. But here’s the catch: to get the best results out of “playing”, you have to choose the games that you play. For your aim, which is to increase your intelligence level, we suggest you focus on pla ying intelligence games.WHAT ARE INTELLIGENCE GAMES?Brain teasers. Puzzles. Riddles. Logic quizzes and exercises.You’ve probably heard of some, or all, of these before. You’ve probably even played them at least once in your life. You may not know it, but you may even play them on a regular basis.These, my friends, are just some of the known forms or types of intelligence games. In fact, it is even safe to say that intelligence games include problem-solving exercises ‘in disguise’, meaning they are brain and mental exercises designed in the guise of entertaining you and letting you have fun in the process. Pretty smart, eh?Playing intelligence games is seen as one of the more creative ways of boosting your cognitive potential. If you play them often (and properly, too) enough, you’d be able to enhance your intelligence levels.To put it simply, intelligence games are those games that “exercise the brain” and, through that “exercise”, improve your intelligence.You’v e heard of strategy games instrumental in improving one’s strategic thinking. It is that same principle that applies when it comes to intelligence games. The big question is this: how do these intelligence games work in giving your intelligence a boost?INTELLIGENCE GAMES AND YOUR IQSo we have established that there is a connection between playing games and your intelligence. What connection is that? How, exactly, can games help boost your intelligence?Before we dive straight into that, it is important to recognize the distinction between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence, the two types of intelligence identified by psychologist Raymond Cattell.Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems and deal with new situations through the use of logic. Your ability to identify patterns and establish trends falls under this category. Cattell calls this your street smarts, so if you are someone who can navigate well using a map, or can easily familiarize yourself with a subway or transport system after just one or two uses, then you have high fluid intelligence.Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, is your ability to use the knowledge you have learned and the experiences you have gone through. This usually takes a length of time: you acquire knowledge, and with continuous application, you become adept or good at it, until it stabilizes or “crystallizes”. The knowledge you learned in school, and its application outside of school and later on in life, is a good example of crystallized intelligence.Playing intelligence games helps in boosting both types of intelligence. They help boost your problem-solving abilities (fluid) as well as how you learn and improve along the way (crystallized).Quizzes are undoubtedly the most straightforward form of brain games. Questions are asked, and you’d have to answer them correctly. But there are other forms or types of intelligence games that you can give a try.Puzzles and RiddlesPuzzles and riddle s are mostly logic-driven, meaning you have to draw on your logical well in order to solve them. Mazes, for example, may seem too elementary, but they can actually provide quite the exercise for the brain.Riddles and trick questions also encourage you to think deeper and also strategize. Crossword puzzles and Sudoku are good examples of puzzles.Memory GamesA huge part of your brain power has something to do with your memory, and there are a lot of intelligence games developed around this concept.For example, you must have played matching games before. You’ll look at several pairs of images arranged randomly, and you’ll have to use your memory to match the images with their correct pairs.There are also those types of games where the player will get one chance to take a look at several items, images, or shapes for a limited amount of time. When time’s up, the images are hidden, and the player will recall where they were located. Or the player will be asked to arrange the images in correct sequence based on his memory alone.In a study where University of Michigan’s Dr. Susanne Jaggi Dual N-Back to boost memory power, it was revealed that players who regularly played the game for at least 25 minutes every day saw a 4-point increase in their IQ score.Word GamesDid you notice how some people are more gifted when it comes to word knowledge and vocabulary? It’s not just because they are read a lot, because it is also possible that they get to expand their word arsenal and vocabulary through playing word games. You’ll be surprised at the number of new words you will encounter for the first time if you are playing a word game.Perhaps the most popular word game that is known to improve brain power is Scrabble. Other familiar games in this grouping include Word Search, Vocabulary games also fall under this category, and the prime example is the crossword puzzle.Video GamesSurprised to see this category among this list of types of intelligence games? Don’t be . Despite many arguments on the contrary, playing video games can actually be educational for kids and adults alike. Video games do have cognitive benefits, improving an individual’s basic mental abilities, such as concentration, perception, memory, and problem-solving.Video games are likely to be included under the intelligence games category if their gameplays are designed to solicit keen attention from the players, and require them to employ strategy and quick-thinking.HOW INTELLIGENCE GAMES CAN BOOST YOUR IQThe benefits of playing intelligence games, as enumerated and discussed below, will contribute in the development and enhancement of your cognitive abilities and skills. Let’s get into the “how” of it.1. Enhanced Visual AwarenessObservation is, arguably, one of the first ways for a person to acquire information and knowledge. Playing intelligence games â€" or games, in general â€" boosts one’s power of observation and, in the process, improves his visual awareness.V isual acuity is vastly improved, so he is likely to be able to notice even the smallest detail. This improved vision will come in handy when it comes to even the most basic thinking processes.In the research conducted by Eichenbaum, Bavelier and Green making use of action video games, the first cognitive benefit is the improvement in an individual’s basic visual processes, specifically contrast sensitivity, or the ability to distinguish even the most subtle differences in shades of the color gray.2. Enhanced Levels of AttentionIn the case of action video games that require vigilance of players and often necessitate split-second decisions to be made, one of the biggest benefits is enhanced spatial attention.Even in the midst of a chaotic scene in a video game, you will be able to locate your target and keep track of it if it is in motion. You can train yourself to be more focused by playing an intelligence game that specifically aims at improving focus.There was even a study where children with dyslexia showed vast improvement when they were made to play video games for at least 12 hours. This was credited to how the game commanded the visual attention of the subjects.3. Enhanced Control and FlexibilityBeing impulsive, especially in making decisions, is hardly what anyone would call an “intelligent” move. For example, playing video games will make you more visually adept, but you will also be more rational when deciding how to respond to the visual stimulus. Impulsiveness is reduced, and this will facilitate better decision-making.Multi-tasking is another skill trained by intelligence games. This is most clearly demonstrated in the case of video games, where your attention is divided among controlling a joystick or a console, the action happening on the screen, and the commands that must be executed. The ability to multi-task is primarily spurred by the development of long-term focus, thanks to intelligence games.If you are in control, you also become mor e flexible. Mental flexibility is enhanced, so you are able to switch between and among conflicting and demanding tasks.4. Improved MemoryMemory games are excellent for training â€" what else? â€" memory. Granted, it is mostly the short-term memory that is trained in matching games, for example, but in the long run this makes your memory sharper and definitely more receptive to further training.Thanks to memory games, you’ll be more able to retain more information in a short period of time.5. Enhanced Analytical SkillsIt’s a no-brainer, really. If you have enhanced focus and concentration, and your memory is sharp so you can be more efficient when you multi-task, then you’re in the best position to perform analysis and other thinking processes.Decision-making also becomes faster, since you are able to process information faster, and you can use logic and reasoning more effectively.6. Enhanced General KnowledgePuzzles, quizzes and riddles can be founts of new and general inform ation, which you can tuck away for future reference. Aside from that, puzzles are excellent ways to boost your vocabulary as well as improving your spelling and logic skills.Take crossword puzzles and codewords, for example. These intelligence games are a source of various bits of information, and can add to what you already know.TIPS ON MAXIMIZING THE BENEFITS OF INTELLIGENCE GAMESNow you might be thinking along these lines: “I just spent the past several days playing every intelligence game I could find. That should be enough to give me a higher IQ on my next IQ test”. Or “I should just forget about reading my lessons or going to the library to the study, since I can raise my intelligence just be playing intelligence games”.Well, there’s playing, and there is playing. Yes, it is also highly possible to play all intelligence games known to man and still find yourself dissatisfied with your level of cognitive potential the next time you tried to measure your intelligence. There is no 100% guarantee that solely playing intelligence games will boost your IQ or, even if it did raise it, there is no absolute certainty that that high level will be sustained.It still needs a lot of work and effort. Here, let’s go over some tips that will allow you to maximize the intelligence-boosting of these types of games.Train your brain often.Or, at least, as regularly as you can, or as the circumstances allow. Practice, after all, makes perfect. Even the most skilled person can be rusty at something if he does not get to train or apply it on a regular basis.What does this mean? It simply means that you should play intelligence games as often as you can. Make it a point to exercise your brain with these games as a way of giving your intelligence a regular training or workout.If you have a busy schedule every day at work or at school, allotting several minutes during your break time, or after dinner, or before going to bed, will be a good start. Some may even choose to start their day with it. Sit down with a cup of coffee and the day’s paper, and try to answer the daily crossword.A game of Sudoku after lunch is also a good way to avoid the effects of post-lunch food coma and ward off sleepiness during siesta hours, as some Latin countries call it. Challenge yourself.Sometimes, complacency can be your downfall. You become too comfortable that you no longer feel inclined to put effort into something. So you scored really high on the latest IQ test you took; does that mean you’re going to be contented with that result? You already scored high, so there is no longer a point to learning or trying to boost your intelligence.Well, keep in mind that intelligence levels are not constant. Just as it can be improved, it can also deteriorate, especially if you leave your brain in a stagnant state. If you’re smart, you’d find ways to further challenge yourself. You won’t stop looking for tougher hurdles to cross. As a simple example, let us say t hat you have a big book of crossword puzzles. You went through all the EASY ones.The next logical step would be to work through all the puzzles rated with MEDIUM difficulty. Once you’re done, challenge yourself further by going for the HARD or DIFFICULT crossword puzzles.Go to the next level when you could. There will come a point where you’d master crossword puzzles. What should you do next? Find another game more challenging than crossword.Choose the games that you play.Sometimes, it’s not just about how you play; it’s also about what you play. There are intelligence games that are worth your while, while there are some that… well, aren’t.Depending on your level of intelligence, you might find some games to be boring or not challenging enough. That’s fine; it simply means you should look for more challenging ones.That’s why there is a need to be picky with how you choose the intelligence games that you will play.Seek novelty. There are games that have so many simil arities that they start to feel the same. This results to monotony, and you’ll be stuck with the same strategies and gameplay responses for every intelligence game you play. The great thing about the internet being there as a source of intelligence games is the wide variety on offer. Game developers seem to be creating new games every day, using various platforms, and this is definitely to the advantage of game lovers everywhere.Pay attention to the level of difficulty. Trust me, you will be bored if you are used to solving HARD crossword puzzles then you move on to solving the EASY level ones. Choose the intelligence games that will pose a challenge for you. The more challenging it is, the more motivated you will be in playing.Take advantage of technology. Again, this is related to the role the internet played with respect to how people now play games. Brain exercises and games can now be found on different platforms and compatible with various devices, allowing you more flexibil ity. You can even play these logic and intelligence games for free. That means you can play anywhere at any time, as long as you have the proper device and you also have connectivity.Socialize through the intelligence games.A huge contributing factor to one’s intelligence is interaction. Networking through intelligence games has its merits.Socializing through intelligence games offer the advantage of exposing you to interactive situations, where you are likely to be faced with the unfamiliar and the unexpected. It is during these situations where you will be able to acquire new knowledge, or apply the knowledge you already have.Again, the present generation ought to be really grateful, considering how social network platforms such as Facebook and Twitter now incorporate some of these games.Intelligence games are generally favored by parents who are looking for effective ways to teach their young children. However, intelligence can still be molded even if you’re already well into adulthood. Aren’t you glad that there are intelligence games for all ages?

Major General Henry Heth in the American Civil War

Major General Henry Heth was Confederate commander during the Civil War who saw service both in Kentucky and with the Army of Northern Virginia. An early favorite of General Robert E. Lee, he saw action in many of the famed leaders campaigns in the East and is best remembered for initiating the action that led to the Battle of Gettysburg. Heth continued to lead a division in Lieutenant General Ambrose P. Hills Third Corps for the rest of the conflict. he remained with the army until its surrender at Appomattox Court House in April 1865. Early Life Career Born December 16, 1825 at Black Heath, VA, Henry Heth (pronounced heeth) was the son of John and Margaret Heth.  The grandson of a veteran of the American Revolution and son of a naval officer from the War of 1812, Heth attended private schools in Virginia before seeking a military career.  Appointed to the US Military Academy in 1843, his classmates included his boyhood friend Ambrose P. Hill as well as Romeyn Ayres, John Gibbon, and Ambrose Burnside. Proving a poor student, he matched his cousins, George Pickett, 1846 performance by graduating last in his class.  Commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant, Heth received orders to join the 1st US Infantry which was engaged in the Mexican-American War. Arriving south of the border later that year, Heth reached his unit after large-scale operations had concluded.  After participating in a number of skirmishes, he returned north the following year.   Assigned to the frontier, Heth moved through postings at  Fort Atkinson, Fort Kearny, and Fort Laramie.  Seeing action against the Native Americans, he earned a promotion to first lieutenant in June 1853.  Two years later, Heth was promoted to captain in the newly-formed 10th US Infantry.  That September, he earned recognition for leading a key flanking attack against the  Sioux during the Battle of Ash Hollow.  In 1858, Heth penned the US Armys first manual on marksmanship entitled  A System of Target Practice. Major General Henry Heth Rank: Major GeneralService: US Army, Confederate ArmyNickname(s): HarryBorn: December 16, 1825 at Black Heath, VADied: September 27, 1899 at Washington, DCParents: Captain John Heth and Margaret L. PickettSpouse: Harriet Cary SeldenChildren: Ann Randolph Heath, Cary Selden Heth, Henry Heth, Jr.Conflicts: Mexican-American War, Civil WarKnown For: Battle of Gettysburg (1863) The Civil War Begins With the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter and beginning of the Civil War in April 1861, Virginia left the Union.  After the departure of his home state, Heth resigned his commission in the US Army and accepted a captains commission in the Virginia Provisional Army.  Quickly advanced to lieutenant colonel, he briefly served as General Robert E. Lees quartermaster general in Richmond.  A critical time for Heth, he became one of the few officers to earn Lees patronage and was the only one referred to by his first name.   Made colonel of the 45th Virginia Infantry later year, his regiment was assigned to western Virginia. Operating in the Kanawha Valley, Heth and his men served under Brigadier General John B. Floyd.  Promoted to brigadier general on January 6, 1862, Heth led a small force entitled the Army of the New River that spring.   Engaging Union troops in May, he fought several defensive actions but was badly beaten on the 23rd when his command was routed near Lewisburg.  Despite this setback, Heths actions helped screen Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons campaign in the Shenandoah Valley.  Re-forming his forces, he continued to serve in the mountains until June when orders arrived for his command to join Major General Edmund Kirby Smith at Knoxville, TN.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kentucky Campaign Arriving in Tennessee, Heths brigade began moving north in August as Smith marched to support General Braxton Braggs invasion of Kentucky.  Advancing into the eastern part of the state, Smith captured Richmond and Lexington before dispatching Heth with a division to menace Cincinnati.  The campaign ended when Bragg elected to withdraw south after the Battle of Perryville.   Rather than risk being isolated and defeated by Major General Don Carlos Buell, Smith joined with Bragg for the retreat back to Tennessee.  Remaining there through the fall, Heth assumed command of the Department of East Tennessee in January 1863.  The following month, after lobbying from Lee, he received an assignment to Jacksons corps in the Army of Northern Virginia.   Major General Henry Heth, CSA.   Library of Congress Chancellorsville Gettysburg Taking command of a brigade in his old friend Hills Light Division, Heth first led his men in combat early that May at the Battle of Chancellorsville.  On May 2, after Hill fell wounded, Heth assumed leadership of the division and gave a credible performance though his assaults the next day were turned back.  Following Jacksons death on May 10, Lee moved to reorganize his army into three corps.   Giving Hill command of the newly-created Third Corps, he directed that Heth lead a division comprised of two brigades from the Light Division and two recently arrived from the Carolinas.  With this assignment came a promotion to major general on May 24. Marching north in June as part of Lees invasion of Pennsylvania, Heths division was near Cashtown, PA on June 30.  Alerted to the presence of Union cavalry in Gettysburg by Brigadier General James Pettigrew, Hill ordered Heth to conduct a reconnaissance in force towards the town the following day.   Lee approved the action with the restriction that Heth was not to cause a major engagement until the entire army was concentrated at Cashtown.  Approaching the town on July 1, Heth quickly became engaged with Brigadier General John Bufords cavalry division and opened the Battle of Gettysburg.  Initially unable to dislodge, Buford, Heth committed more of his division to the fight. The scale of the battle grew as Major General John Reynolds Union I Corps arrived on the field.   As the day progressed, additional forces arrived spreading the fighting west and north of the town.  Taking heavy losses through the day, Heths division finally succeeded in pushing Union troops back to Seminary Ridge.  With support from Major General W. Dorsey Pender, a final push saw this position captured as well.  During the course of the fighting that afternoon, Heth fell wounded when a bullet struck him in the head.  Saved by a thick new hat that had been stuffed with paper to improve the fit, he was unconscious for the better part of a day and played no further role in the battle. Overland Campaign Resuming command on July 7, Heth directed the fighting at Falling Waters as the Army of Northern Virginia retreated south.  That fall, the division again took heavy losses when it attacked without proper scouting at the Battle of Bristoe Station.  After taking part in the Mine Run Campaign, Heths men went into winter quarters.   In May 1864, Lee moved to block Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign.  Engaging the Major General Winfield S. Hancocks Union II Corps at the Battle of the Wilderness, Heth and his division fought hard until relieved by Lieutenant General James Longstreets approaching corps.  Returning to action on May 10 at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Heth attacked and drove back a division led by Brigadier General Francis Barlow. After seeing further action at North Anna in late May, Heth anchored the Confederate left during the victory at Cold Harbor.   Having been checked at Cold Harbor, Grant elected to move south, cross the James River, and march against Petersburg.  Reaching that city, Heth and the rest of Lees army blocked the Union advance.  As a Grant commenced the siege of Petersburg, Heths division took part in many of the actions in the area.  Frequently occupying the extreme right of the Confederate line, he mounted unsuccessful attacks against his classmate Romeyn Ayres division at Globe Tavern in late August.  This was followed assaults at the Second Battle of Reams Station a few days later. Major General Romeyn B. Ayres. Library of Congress Final Actions On October 27-28, Heth, leading Third Corps due to Hill being ill, succeeded in blocking Hancocks men at the Battle of Boydton Plank Road.  Remaining in the siege lines through the winter, his division came under assault on April 2, 1865.  Mounting a general attack against Petersburg, Grant succeeded in breaking through and forced Lee to abandon the city.   Retreating toward Sutherlands Station, the remnants of Heths division were defeated there by Major General Nelson A. Miles later in the day.  Though Lee desired to have him lead Third Corps after Hills death on April 2, Heth remained separated from the bulk of the command during the early parts of the Appomattox Campaign. Withdrawing west, Heth was with Lee and the rest of the Army of Northern Virginia when it surrendered at Appomattox Court House on April 9.   Later Life In the years after the war, Heth worked in mining and later in the insurance industry.  Additionally, he served as a surveyor in the Office of Indian Affairs as well as assisted in the compilation of the US War Departments  Official Records of the War of the Rebellion.  Plagued by kidney disease in his later years, Heth died at Washington, DC on September 27, 1899.  His remains were returned to Virginia and interred in Richmonds Hollywood Cemetery.

Why Are Factory Farmed Animals Given Antibiotics and Hormones

Many people are surprised to hear that farmed animals are routinely given antibiotics and growth hormones. Concerns include animal welfare as well as human health. Factory farms cannot afford to care about animals collectively or individually. The animals are merely a product, and antibiotics and growth hormones such as rGBH are employed to make the operation more profitable. Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone The faster an animal gets to slaughter weight or the more milk an animal produces, the more profitable the operation. Approximately two-thirds of all beef cattle in the US are given growth hormones, and approximately 22 percent of dairy cows are given hormones to increase milk production. The European Union has banned the use of hormones in beef cattle and has conducted a study that showed that hormone residues remain in the meat. Because of health concerns for both people and animals, Japan, Canada, Australia, and the European Union have all banned the use of rBGH, but the hormone is still given to cows in the US. The EU has also banned the import of meat from animals treated with hormones, so the EU imports no beef from the US. Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) causes cows to produce more milk, but its safety for both people and cows is questionable. Additionally, this synthetic hormone increases the incidence of mastitis, an infection of the udder, which causes the secretion of blood and pus into the milk. Health Risks Associated With Antibiotics To combat mastitis and other diseases, cows and other farmed animals are given regular doses of antibiotics as a preventive measure. If a single animal in a herd or a flock is diagnosed with an illness, the entire herd receives the medication, usually mixed in with the animals’ feed or water, because it would be too expensive to diagnose and treat only certain individuals. Another concern is â€Å"subtherapeutic† doses of antibiotics that are given to the animals to cause weight gain. Although it is not clear why small doses of antibiotics cause animals to gain weight and the practice has been banned in the European Union and Canada, it is legal in the United States. All this means that healthy cows are being given antibiotics when they don’t need them, which leads to another health risk. Excessive antibiotics are a concern because they cause the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Because antibiotics will kill off most of the bacteria, the drugs leave behind resistant individuals, which then reproduce more rapidly without competition from other bacteria. These bacteria then spread throughout the farm and/or spread to people who come into contact with the animals or the animal products. This is not an idle fear. Antibiotic-resistant strains of salmonella have already been found in animal products in the human food supply. The Solution According to Animal Rights Activists The World Health Organization believes that prescriptions should be required for antibiotics for farmed animals, and several countries have banned the use of rBGH and subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics, but these solutions consider only human health and do not consider animal rights. From an animal rights standpoint, the solution is to stop eating animal products and go vegan.

Living Together Is Not Wrong Free Essays

Chanut Tipphanawadee 155 100 5877 SECTION 5153 Assignment 2 : ————————————————- There is nothing wrong with people living together before they get married. It seems undeniable that living together of couples and marriage of them are totally different of what they did in past. The amount of divorce rate, abortion rate, abandoned children are unstoppable increase. We will write a custom essay sample on Living Together Is Not Wrong or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reason is people in this era have been changed the concept of marriage and living together. Moreover, the rights of human has affected us. Especially, women in this epoch have more powerful than the past. Therefore, I strongly agree with the statement â€Å"There is nothing wrong with people living together before they get married†. There is more than one reason why living together before get marriage is not wrong and should be accepted by our society. Firstly, the couples that living together before they get married is able to look how life would be like with the person who lives with. For the reason is when two peoples whether men or woman living together the conflicts might be occurred because of the different of each other’s behavior such as spending habits, cleaning ,and time. These are important to the couples getting along in the long terms and they can only be learned by proximity when they live together for a period of time. Furthermore, they have to learn to be more responsible and take care of each other like what marriage couples do. Moreover, we are in the new generation where the society is liberal. So, if they can live together before they get married their marriage and couples’ life are more tend to be perfect marriage . That why there is nothing wrong with living together before marriage. How to cite Living Together Is Not Wrong, Papers

Analysis Landmark Case of Asic v Adler and 4 Ors †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Landmark Case of Asic v Adler and 4 Ors. Answer: ASIC v Adlerand 4 Ors [2002]NSWSC 171 Asic v Adlerand 4 Ors, is a landmark case and requires analysis as there are several directorial duties that are enshrined under the Corporation Act 2001 which are violated by the parties to the case. There was HIH collapse and which was the outcome of very bad corporate governance. Adler, William and Fodera were the three major parties who were involved in the leading case. (The Law Teacher, 2017) Adler - Controls PEE and is the non-executive director of PEE William - In HIH and HIHC, he was the Managing Director. Fodera Finance Director in HIH. The major actions of Adler that has resulted in the violation of the provisions of the Corporation Act 2001 On June 2000, Pacific Eagle Equity Pty Ltd (PEE - Adler is a person who controls PEE and is the non-executive director of PEE) received a payment of $10 million loan (undocumented and unsecured) from HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd (HIHC). Post loan, PEE becomes the trustee of Australian Equities Unit Trust (AEUT). Adler was a major shareholder in HIH through Adler Corporation Limited. The loan which was granted to PEE was later used to HIHCs subscription for $10 million worth of AEUT units. Also, $4 million worth of HIH shares were purchased by PEE (Adler) from the stock market which are later sold at $2 million loss. The main reason for the purchase of shares to built a market image to the investors of HIH that HIH is doing well. Also, PEE purchased unlisted shares in technology and communication companies from Adler Corporation worth $4 million. AEUT gave $2 million to Adler under the trust. (Plessis, Hargovan, Bagaric, 2010) The above actions of Alder resulted that he was in violation of several duties which he must cater being the officer of HIHC and HIH. Decision of the court It was held by the court that Adler must be banned to act as the director for twenty years. William was banned for ten years. Alder was also imposed with a personal fine of $450,000 and William was imposed with a fine of $250,000 and Fodera with a fine of $5000. Adler Co was imposed with a fine of $450,000. Also, a compensation of $7,986,402 was imposed on Adler, Adler Corporation and Williams to pay to HIHC. (Baxt, 2005) Reasons for the decision The court held that all the transactions had taken place without any approval from the board of directors or at the approval of the shareholders of PEE. The HIH investment committee was also not aware of the same nor was the board acquainted with the said facts. The loan which is provided by HIHC to PEE was also without any proper documentation work nor was the loan secured. The main reason for making the loan was a secret affair so that no other directors of HIH were get knowledge of the same and Adler make personal interest from the said transactions. Director of company Adler was the director The Corporation Act 2001, has defines the term director. A director is a person who is placed at the directorial position. Thus, whatsoever name is provided to a person, if he is carrying out all the directorial functions then he are capable to be define as a company director. Thus, an alternate director, de facto director and shadow directors are also considered as the director under section 9 of the Act (Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL[2012]). Further, the officers who are the executives of the company at senior positions are also comes within the preview of section 9 of the Act. Every company director must cater his duties adequately so that the interest of the shareholders can be protected. (Davis, 2016) Now, Adler was considered to be director of HIH as per section 9 of the Act. He was also the officer of the wholly-owned HIH subsidiary and there comes within the preview of section 9 of the Act. Even though he is not formally appointed at the position of the director, still, he was at a senior executive post and thus is considered as the director under section 9 of the Act. He was pursuing the role of the director in the subsidiary holding company and he is also the member of HIH investment committee, thus, he has full involvement in the decisions making process of the company and its business which may affect the business wholly or substantially. Now, there are several duties that are violated by Adler. The same are submitted herein below: The major duties that are violated by Alder Alder was in violation of some of the important duties established under the Corporation Act 2001. The same are: Section 180 of the Act The duty deals with the acts of care and diligence. As per section 180, sub section 1, every officer and the director must perform their power and comply with the duties with due care and diligence. The care and diligence must be of standard form and must be equal to what a normal prudent man will deal in the similar situations. The executive directors are the employee of the company which caters their duties on the full time basis. They carry out the day to day management of the company and have high knowledge and special responsibilities. Whereas, the non executive company directors are engaged in part time works and but have regular involvement in the affairs of the company. (Campbell, 2007) Now, this duty of care and diligence was not performed by Adler Adequately. In HIH and HIHC, William was the Managing Director. He was in total violation of section 180 (1) of the Act. This is because no adequate safeguards were provided to HIHC prior sanctioning any loan to PEE. Likewise, Fodera was the Finance Director in HIH. He also violated section 180 (1) as the proposal to sanction $10 million loan to PEE was not discussed with the board of HIH or its investment committee. The duty of care and diligence that was desired from both William and Fodera were not catered by them. They were the executive company directors and the duty must be performed by them adequately. Further, Adler, William and Flora cannot take the defense enshrined under section 180 (1) of the Act which deals with Business judgment Rule (section 180 (2)). As per the rule, if any company officer and director has acted with utmost good faith and for proper purpose and has no material personnel interest in the transaction, then, the duty of care and diligence is not considered to be violated. Now, Adler cannot take the defense) because he is not able to satisfy the requirements of section 180 (2) (b), that is, there is presence of conflict of interest when he takes the decisions to invest $10 million payment from HIHC in PEE. Also, William was not able to provide adequate safeguard to avoid the breach. Also, he was one of the holding major shares in HIH and thus there is material personnel interest when the transaction took place. No evidence was laid down by him which depicts that he was acting in good faith and for proper purpose. Fodera also cannot take the defense because he did not refer the transaction which is to be dealt with PEE to the boards of HIH, nor was the same referred to the investment committee. Section 181 of the Act The duty to act in good faith, in the best interest of the company and for proper purpose. As per section 181 (1) of the act can be considered to be violated even when the director believes that he acting as per the provisions but in reality the same was not the case. The transactions that took place amid HIH, HIHC and PEE were mainly motivated to bring personal interest to Adler. Adler was in violation of section 181 as he had not acted in good faith and in the best interest of the company as the powers and duties that are discharged by him were not Adequate. (Cassidy, 2006) Section 182 of the Act Duty not to misuse the position. No company officer or director must use his position in such a manner so that it results in bringing undue advantage to them and undue loss to the company. In the leading case it was submitted that Adler was in clear violation of section 182 of the Act. He arranged a loan of $10 million which is to be provided to PEE by HIHC. The money was then to be used purchase the shares in HIH on the stock market. The main reason for indulging in such an act is so that the share price of HIH increases and then Adler Corporation will sell the shares of HIH before PEE could sell off their shares in HIH, thereby, making huge profits to Adler Corporation in which Adler has substantial interest. The total act has resulted in causing loss to PEE when it sell of their shares of HIH. The court held that Adler has breached section 182 of the Act by misusing the position (the director of HIH, director of PEE and being the officer of HIHC). His actions have brought substantial gain to Adler Corporation. Further, since Adler was the director in PEE, he mis-utilized his position as he acquired unlisted capitals at cost price from Adler Corporation but he has not sought any separate valuation for the same. If these transactions are considered to be successful then the Adler Corporation and Adler were able to keep out from theses business unviable operations. The court also held that William was also in violation of section 182 of the Corporation Act 2001. He was the director in HIHC and HIH and thus has misused his position to bring advantage to Adler Corporation. He has permitted the loan of $10 million without seeking proper authorization. No approval was sought from the investment committee of HIH prior granting the loan to PEE and which is very essential as per the investment guidelines of HIH. Section 183 of the Act Duty not to misuse the information of the company. Any person, whether director or officer or any employee, of acquired information from the company then no such information should be used which brings gain to themselves or anyone else and loss to the company. The court applied ASIC v Vizard, and it was held by the court that Vizard was the non-executive director of Telstra and he uses the inside information to bring advantage to CTI, Brigham and himself and thus is in violation of section 183 of the Act. Alder is fully aware that the HIH and HIHC were facing problems with cash flows and there is so much risk that ultimately they will fall down. Knowing the fact, Adler still has not revealed his self interest in the transactions to the board of HIH except to Fodera and William. Section 206 A of the Act Duty towards financial assistance. Nno company must financially assist any other person so as to acquire/obtain shares in the same company or in its holding company. However, there are few exceptions, such as, if such assistance is not prejudice to the company or will hamper the company ability to pay its creditors or shareholders (260 A(1)(a)), or if the shareholders approve of the assistance (260B) or if the assistance is exempted or relieved (260C). Now, Adler was controlling PEE. However, he was found to be in contravention of section 206A of the Corporation Act 2001. Adler with the help of HIHC has provided financial assistance to PEE (HIHC was the subsidiary of HIH, a company which is in control of Adler). Thus, Adler has indirectly provided loan from his own company to his own company. The loan which was provided by Adler to PEE was used to purchase shares of HIH on the stock market. These actions of Adler has provided an impression that Alder is helping the decreasing process of HIH by purchasing the shares personally. The court submitted that Adler has no intention to earn gain by reselling the shares of HIH. The main intention was to enhance the share prices of HIH so as to provide advantage to Alder Corporation Limited. This is because when PEE sell off its HIH shares then the same was carried out only when Adler Corporation intends to sell off its HIH shares which has resulted in loss for PEEs investment.So, there is a clear violation of section 260A. Concluding remarks and analysis The most important point that is learned from the given case is that the directors and the companies must make sure that it is necessary that there must be proper corporate governance to protect a company from any kind of improper actions which can be taken by the directors for their own benefits. There is a need to have an adequate check and balances to make sure that the system is not bypassed. References Books/Articles/Journals Baxt, R (2005) Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Officers, AICD. Cassidy, J (2006) Concise Corporations Law, Federation Press. Campbell, C (2007) International Liability of Corporate Directors [2007] I, Lulu.com. Plessis, J, Hargovan, A and Bagaric, (2010) Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance, Cambridge University Press. Case laws Asic v Adlerand 4 Ors [2002]NSWSC 171. ASIC v Vizard[2005] Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL[2012] FCAFC 6 Online Material Davis, S (2016) Who is liable for company decisions?(online).Available at: file:///C:/Users/mypc/Downloads/Who+is+Liable+for+Company+Decisions+-+SED+-+April+2016.pdf. (Accessed on 17th May, 2017). The Law Teacher (2017) Case summary ASIC v Adler (online). Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/company-law/case-summary-asic-v-adler-law-essays.php. (Accessed on 17th May, 2017).